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With some highlights but they definitely helped to get an A for the course.
- Sales Rank: #876847 in Books
- Published on: 1994
- Binding: Paperback
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2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TEXTS OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY EVER WRITTEN
By Steven H Propp
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher, best known for his work in political philosophy. This 1651 book Leviathan established what became known as "social contract theory." He wrote in the book's Dedication, "the endeavour to advance the civil power should not be by the civil power condemned; nor private men, by reprehending it, declare that they think that power too great. Besides, I speak not of the men, but... of the seat of power... That which perhaps may most ordinarily offend are certain texts of Holy Scripture, alleged by me to other purpose than ordinarily they used to be by others. But I have done it with due submission, and ... necessarily; for they are the outworks of the enemy, from whence they impugn the civil power."
He observes, "whereas in the planting of Christian religion ... the number of Christians increased wonderfully every day and in every place by the preaching of the Apostles and Evangelists, a great part of that success may reasonably be attributed to the contempt into which the priests of the Gentiles of that time had brought themselves by their uncleanness, avarice, and juggling between princes. Also the religion of the Church of Rome was partly for the same reason abolished in England and many other parts of Christendom, insomuch as the failing of virtue in the pastors maketh faith fail in the people... I may attribute all the changes of religion in the world to one and the same cause, and that is unpleasant priests; and those not only amongst catholics, but even in that Church that hath presumed most of reformation." (Ch. XII)
The book's most famous quotation [often cited without the preceding context] is: "Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war, where every man is enemy to every man, the same is consequent to the time wherein men live without other security than what their own strength and their own invention shall furnish them withal. In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain; and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation; nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." (Ch. XIII)
He argues, "there be something else required, besides covenant, to make [men's] agreement constant and lasting; which is a common power to keep them in awe and to direct their actions to the one common benefit. The only way to erect such a common power, as may be able to defend them from the invasion of foreigners... is to confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, that may reduce all their wills... unto one will... This is more than consent, or concord; it is a real unity of them... made by covenant of every man with every man... as if every man should say... I authorize and give up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition; that thou give up thy right to him, and authorize all his actions in like manner. This done, the multitude so united in one person is called a Commonwealth... This is the generation of that great LEVIATHAN, or rather... of that mortal god to which we owe, under the immortal God, our peace and defense... one person, of whose acts a great multitude, by mutual covenant one with another, have made themselves every one the author, to the end he may use the strength and means of all as he shall think expedient for their peace and common defense." (Ch. XVII)
He suggests, "So it appeareth plainly... both from reason and Scripture, that the sovereign power... is as great as possibly men can be imagined to make it. And though of so unlimited a power, men may fancy many evil consequences , yet the consequences of the want of it, which is perpetual war of every man against his neighbor, are much worse. The condition of man in this life shall never be without inconveniences; but there happeneth in no Commonwealth any great inconvenience but what proceeds from the subjects' disobedience and breach of those covenants from which the Commonwealth has its being." (Ch. XX, pg. 112) He adds, "I have set forth the nature of man, whose pride and other passions have compelled him to submit himself to government; together with the great power of his governor, whom I compared to LEVIATHAN, taking that comparison out of the last two verses of ... Job [Ch. 41]." (Ch. XXVIII)
He states, "If a man therefore should ask a pastor, in the execution of his office... `By what authority doest thou these things...' he can make no other just answer but that he doth it by the authority of the Commonwealth, given him by the king or assembly that representeth it... But the king, and every other sovereign, executeth his office of supreme pastor by immediate authority from God, that is to say, in God's right... And therefore none but kings can put into their titles, a mark of their submission to God only, Dei Gratia Rex, etc." (Ch. XLII)
He actually founds the doctrine of Biblical Criticism, with comments such as these: "for the Pentateuch... We read in the last chapter of Deuteronomy concerning the sepulchre of Moses, `that no man knoweth of his sepulchre to this day,' that is, to the day wherein these words were written. It is therefore manifest that these words were written after his internment. For it were a strange interpretation to say Moses spake of his own sepulchre ... that it was not found to that day wherein he was yet living... the five Books of Moses were written after his time, though how long after it be not so manifest... That the Book of Joshua was also written long after the time of Joshua may be gathered out of many places in the book itself.... From the trouble that Achan raised in the camp, the writer saith, `remaineth unto this day'; which must needs therefore be long after the time of Joshua." (Ch. XXXIII)
He rejects the doctrines of Hell and Purgatory: "We are therefor to consider what the meaning is of `everlasting fire,' and other the like phrases of Scripture... as the elect after the resurrection shall be restored to the estate wherein Adam was before he had sinned; so the reprobate shall be in the estate that Adam and his posterity were in after the sin committed... the texts that mention `eternal fire,' `eternal torments,' or `the worm that never dieth,'contradict not the doctrine of a second and everlasting death, in the proper and literal sense of the world death. The fire or torments prepared for the wicked in Gehenna... may continue forever... and there may never want wicked men to be tormented in them, though not every nor any one eternally. For the wicked... may at the resurrection live as they did... and consequently may engender perpetually, after the resurrection, as they did before: For there is no place of Scripture to the contrary... I see evident Scripture to persuade me that there is neither the word nor the thing of purgatory..." (Ch. XLIV)
Hobbes' book is one of most historically important works of political philosophy. While libertarians and anarchists may despise it, its arguments are still well worth reading today, but the modern student of philosophy.
0 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Arnold W.
A nice edition of Hobbes to reread after thirty years. Thanks for the quick delivery
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